Solids, liquids and gases are called the three states of matter. Liquids can flow or be poured easily. They are not easy to hold. Liquids change their shape depending on the container they are in.

The use of light to manipulate electronic states of matter has been a subject of intense investigation since almost two centuries, starting from Becquerel’s 1839 discovery of the photovoltaic effect, ...

The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. When it comes to understanding the fabric of the universe, most of what scientists think exists is consigned to a dark, murky domain.

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