Shell structures—thin, curved elements such as cylinders, spheres and domes—are prized for their high strength-to-weight ratio but are exceptionally sensitive to buckling instabilities. Even minute ...

Functionally graded shell structures are thin, curved elements whose material composition and properties vary continuously through the thickness, typically transitioning from metal to ceramic or ...

Find your added subjects in My Bitesize. Find out about both frame and shell structures, and explore what makes them useful. Strengthening cardboard structures Learn how techniques such as corrugation ...